Hence, migrants not only suffer severe social capital deficits but also capital return deficits. Although social capital from strong ties seems to be more important for rural migrants than for urbanites, local ties and high-status ties do not seem to benefit rural migrants. We also observe a great disparity in social capital possession between rural migrants and urban local residents. We find strong income return on social capital, in particular on social capital from strong ties. All rights reserved.īased on data from a 2005 survey conducted in Shanghai, China, this research examines the role of social capital in income inequality between rural migrants and urbanites. The PCDP of RH provides an alternative way to obtain va lue-added chemicals from biomass with low energy consumption and under eco-friendly conditions. According to the species identified in the extracts, the mechanisms for photocatalytic oxidation of benzene ring-containing compounds are proposed. Lignin-wax and hemicel lulose-wax interlinkages are proposed to be new structures. Phthalates and arenes resulted from lignin degradation. Aldehydes and ketones were also detected with high relative contents, most of which were derived from cel lulose, hemicel lulose and waxes. They resulted from the degradation of waxes in RH. Alkanes are the most abundant in the group components. The compounds can be classified into alkanes, alkenes, arenes, non-substituted alkanols, substituted alkanols, alkenols, phenols, alkanals, alkenals, benzaldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alkanoates, phthalates, nitrogen-containing organic compounds, sulfur-containing organic compounds and other species. In total, 172 organic compounds were identified in the extracts with GC/MS. The reaction mixture was fractionated into different extracts by filtration and subsequent sequential extraction with different organic solvents. Photocatalytic depolymerization (PCDP) of rice husk (RH) over TiO2 in H2O2 aqueous so lution under ultraviolet irradiation was investigated. However, cultural context and family positions within that context condition the role of female migration: specifically, the preferences of individuals in families and villages embedded in strong patrilineal cultural practices are less likely to be shaped by female out-migration.
The role of female out-migration transcends families with direct ties to migration and extends to the entire village. Using data from rural China and instrumental variable regressions to adjust for potential endogeneity bias, this study shows that out-migration of women, but not of men, attenuates son preference among those in origin communities.
Rural China provides an interesting setting, both because its unprecedented labor out-migration has increasingly inc luded women and because of its persistent son preference. How does female out-migration reconfigure gender va lues surrounding son preference in origin communities? We propose that the feminization of migration has the potential to infuse origin communities with economic and ideational changes that may challenge son preference. It is demonstrated that the adoption of multi-band observations is useful for increasing the knowledge of space debris, and the applications are deserved to be further promoted.
At last the frequency analysis of the multi-band light curves is performed, the consistency and non-consistency of the results under different circumstances are presented. The tumbling motion is analyzed with the brightness variations, and the color indices are investigated according to the bus type of objects. Due to the limitation of geometry, the infrared data of 13 objects are acquired, and the photometry results are obtained. The Quad-Channel Telescope and the famous United Kingdom Infrared Telescope are adopted in our observation, along with other two dedicated space debris telescopes. An associated multi-band observation of the Geosynchronous Earth Orbit space debris is performed to investigate the improvement and promotion while infrared and g′Vr′i′g′Vr′i′ information are provided. According to the proposal of active space debris removal, the knowledge of the shape, rotational state and surface characteristics of space debris is demanding.
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